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Porn makes up much of the internet, and there are now concerns that it's replacing traditional sex education as a way that young - and especially young LGBT - people learn about their sexuality. A top psychosexual therapist has also warned of a surge in sexual health problems among young men, related to online pornography. So should same-sex education be taught at schools? Via Newsbeat.
Deepfakes have garnered widespread attention for their potential use in creating child sexual abuse material, celebrity pornographic videos, revenge porn, fake news, hoaxes, bullying, and financial fraud.[7][8][9][10] This has elicited responses from both industry and government to detect and limit their use.[11][12]
Philosophers and media scholars have discussed the ethics of deepfakes especially in relation to pornography.[21] Media scholar Emily van der Nagel draws upon research in photography studies on manipulated images to discuss verification systems that allow women to consent to uses of their images.[22]
Beyond pornography, deepfakes have been framed by philosophers as an "epistemic threat" to knowledge and thus to society.[23] There are several other suggestions for how to deal with the risks deepfakes give rise beyond pornography, but also to corporations, politicians and others, of "exploitation, intimidation, and personal sabotage",[24] and there are several scholarly discussions of potential legal and regulatory responses both in legal studies and media studies.[25] In psychology and media studies, scholars discuss the effects of disinformation that uses deepfakes,[26][27] and the social impact of deepfakes.[28]
While most English-language academic studies of deepfakes focus on the Western anxieties about disinformation and pornography, digital anthropologist Gabriele de Seta has analysed the Chinese reception of deepfakes, which are known as huanlian, which translates to "changing faces". The Chinese term does not contain the "fake" of the English deepfake, and de Seta argues that this cultural context may explain why the Chinese response has been more about practical regulatory responses to "fraud risks, image rights, economic profit, and ethical imbalances".[29]
The term deepfakes originated around the end of 2017 from a Reddit user named "deepfakes".[39] He, as well as others in the Reddit community r/deepfakes, shared deepfakes they created; many videos involved celebrities' faces swapped onto the bodies of actresses in pornographic videos,[39] while non-pornographic content included many videos with actor Nicolas Cage's face swapped into various movies.[40]
Other online communities remain, including Reddit communities that do not share pornography, such as r/SFWdeepfakes (short for "safe for work deepfakes"), in which community members share deepfakes depicting celebrities, politicians, and others in non-pornographic scenarios.[41] Other online communities continue to share pornography on platforms that have not banned deepfake pornography.[42]
In 2017, Deepfake pornography prominently surfaced on the Internet, particularly on Reddit.[69] As of 2019, many deepfakes on the internet feature pornography of female celebrities whose likeness is typically used without their consent.[70] A report published in October 2019 by Dutch cybersecurity startup Deeptrace estimated that 96% of all deepfakes online were pornographic.[71] As of 2018, a Daisy Ridley deepfake first captured attention,[69] among others.[72][73][74] As of October 2019, most of the deepfake subjects on the internet were British and American actresses.[70] However, around a quarter of the subjects are South Korean, the majority of which are K-pop stars.[70][75]
Since 2017, Samantha Cole of Vice published a series of articles covering news surrounding deepfake pornography.[153][154][155][76][74][156][157][39] On 31 January 2018, Gfycat began removing all deepfakes from its site.[155][11] On Reddit, the r/deepfakes subreddit was banned on 7 February 2018, due to the policy violation of "involuntary pornography".[158][159][160][161][162] In the same month, representatives from Twitter stated that they would suspend accounts suspected of posting non-consensual deepfake content.[156] Chat site Discord has taken action against deepfakes in the past,[163] and has taken a general stance against deepfakes.[11][164] In September 2018, Google added "involuntary synthetic pornographic imagery" to its ban list, allowing anyone to request the block of results showing their fake nudes.[165][check quotation syntax]In February 2018, Pornhub said that it would ban deepfake videos on its website because it is considered "non consensual content" which violates their terms of service.[154] They also stated previously to Mashable that they will take down content flagged as deepfakes.[166] Writers from Motherboard from Buzzfeed News reported that searching "deepfakes" on Pornhub still returned multiple recent deepfake videos.[154]
In May 2022, Google officially changed the terms of service for their Jupyter Notebook colabs, banning the use of their colab service for the purpose of creating deepfakes.[168] This came a few days after a VICE article had been published, claiming that "most deepfakes are non-consensual porn" and that the main use of popular deepfake software DeepFaceLab (DFL), "the most important technology powering the vast majority of this generation of deepfakes" which often was used in combination with Google colabs, would be to create non-consensual pornography, by pointing to the fact that among many other well-known examples of third-party DFL implementations such as deepfakes commissioned by The Walt Disney Company, official music videos, and web series Sassy Justice by the creators of South Park, DFL's GitHub page also links to deepfake porn website Mr. Deepfake and participants of the DFL Discord server also participate on Mr. Deepfakes.[169]
In the United Kingdom, producers of deepfake material can be prosecuted for harassment, but there are calls to make deepfake a specific crime;[177] in the United States, where charges as varied as identity theft, cyberstalking, and revenge porn have been pursued, the notion of a more comprehensive statute has also been discussed.[165]
Attwood, Feona (2010)Younger, paler, decidedly less straight: the new porn professionals. In: Porn.com: making sense of online pornography. Attwood, Feona, ed. Digital Formations (48) . Peter Lang, New York, pp. 88-106. ISBN 9781433102073. [Book Section]
Oskis, Andrea ORCID: -0002-0194-2679, Loveday, Catherine, Hucklebridge, Frank, Thorn, Lisa and Clow, Angela (2010)Anxious attachment style and salivary cortisol dysregulation in healthy female children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52 (2) . pp. 111-118. ISSN 0021-9630 [Article] (doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02296.x) 2b1af7f3a8